Overall, the mucus consists of 2.5% to 3% mucins, 1% to 2% salts, and 95% water. Islands of highly adhesive, heavily glycosylated acidic (sialic acid and sulfate) and disulfide bond cross-linked mucins and their associated proteins float on the surface as the gel phase of mucus 3. The low viscosity of the sol phase permits efficient, synchronized ciliary motions. The epithelial lining fluid is approximately 10 to 15 µm thick. ![]() These findings may provide a rational basis for responses to air temperature changes, culinary and botanical odorants (“aromatherapy”), and inhaled irritants in conditions as diverse as idiopathic nonallergic rhinitis, occupational rhinitis, hyposmia, and multiple chemical sensitivity. The recent recognition of distinct classes of nociceptive nerves with unique patterns of sensory receptors that include seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors, new families of transient receptor potential and voltage and calcium gated ion channels, and combinations of neurotransmitters that can be modulated during inflammation by neurotrophic factors has revolutionized our understanding of the complexity and subtlety of nasal innervation. These functions are vital for cleaning and humidifying ambient air before it is inhaled into the lungs. ![]() These play carefully coordinated roles in regulating glandular, vascular and other processes. ![]() ![]() Nasal mucosa is innervated by multiple subsets of nociceptive, parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves.
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